History
The city of Windhoek is traditionally known by two names: Ai-Gams, from the Nama people, which literally refersto the hot springs that were once part of Windhoek, while the second name, Otjomuise, meaning a place of steam,was given by the Herero people. Both traditional names reference the hot springs.

The early settlements of Windhoek came about because of the water from the hot springs. In the mid-1800's CaptainJan Jonker Afrikaner settled near one of the main hot springs, located in the present-day Klein-Windhoek, anupper-class suburb of Windhoek.

Theories vary on how Ai-Gams/Otjomuise got its modern name of Windhoek. Most believe the name Windhoek is derivedfrom the Afrikaans word Wind-Hoek, meaning "corner of wind." It is also thought that the Afrikaners namedWindhoek after the Windhoek Mountains, at Tulbagh in South Africa, where the early Afrikaners settlers had lived. In those days Windhoek was the point of contact between the warring Namas, led by Jan Jonker Afrikaner, and the Herero.

In Windhoek, Afrikaners built a stone church that held 500 people, which was also used as a school. Two Rhenish missionaries, Hugo Hahn and Heinrich Kleinschmidt, started working there in the 1840s and were later succeeded by two Wesleyans. Gardens were laid out and for a while Windhoek prospered, but wars between the Nama and Herero eventually destroying the town. After a long absence, Hahn visited Windhoek again in 1873 and was dismayed to see that nothing remained of the town's former prosperity. In June 1885, a Swiss botanist found only jackals and starving guinea fowl amongst neglected fruit trees.

In 1878, Britain annexed Walvis Bay and incorporated it into the Cape of Good Hope in 1884, but Britain was not interested in extending its influence into the interior of Africa. A Request by merchants from Lüderitzbucht resulted in the declaration of a German protectorate over German West Africa in 1884. The German colony came into being with the determination of its borders in 1890 and Germany sent a protective corps, called the Schutztruppe under Major Curt von Francois, to maintain order. Von Francois stationed his garrison at Windhoek, which was strategically situated as a buffer between the Nama and Herero, while the twelve strong springs provided water for the cultivation of food.

Present-day Windhoek was founded on 18 October 1890, when Von Francois lay the foundation stone of the fort, which is now known as the Alte Feste (Old Fortress). During the next fourteen years Windhoek developed slowly, with only the most essential government and private buildings being erected. In Klein-Windhoek, plots were allocated to settlers, who started farming on a small scale with fruit, tobacco and dairy cattle.

After 1907, development accelerated as people migrated from within country to the city and also some emigrated from outside the country. There was also a larger influx of western settlers arriving from Germany and South Africa. Businesses were erected on Kaiser Street, present Independence Avenue, and along the dominant mountain ridge over the city, including the three eye-catching castles.

The German colonial era came to an end during World War I when South African troops occupied Windhoek in May 1915 on behalf of Great Britain. For the next five years, a military government administered South West Africa.

Development of the city of Windhoek and the nation later to be known as Namibia came to a virtual standstill. After World War II, Windhoek's development gradually gained momentum, as more capital became available to improve the area's economic climate. After 1955, large public projects were undertaken, such as the building of new schools and hospitals, hardening of the city's roads (a project begun in 1928), and the building of dams and pipelines to finally stabilize the water supply.

With Namibia's independence from South African administration in 1990, the city experienced a new wind of change that led to accelerated growth and development. Windhoek became the seat of a first, democratically-elected government of the Republic of Namibia, headed by the head of state the president, Sam Nujoma.

Climate
Windhoek is situated in a semi-desert climatic region. Days are mostly warm with very hot days during the summer months, while nights are generally cool. The winter months of June, July and August usually experience the least rainfall. Minimum temperatures range between 5°C (41°F) to 18°C (64°F). Nights are usually cold, although the temperature seldom drops below zero °C, and it almost never snows. The country experiences a drought more or less once every decade.